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Content for Index » Urology
Urology
Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Removal of the obstructing tissue of BPH or obstructing prostate cancer from within the prostatic urethra, leaving the compressed outer zone intact (the surgical capsule)...

Etiology and pathology of lower urinary tract obstruction.
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
o A plethora of terms have been coined to describe the symptom complex traditionally associated with...

Vesicoureteral reflux, causes and treatment.
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in adults
- VUR is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract with or without dilatation...

Pyelectasia and hydroureteronephrosis.
Pyelectasis is a collection of fluid in the fetal kidneys causing them to dilate.
- Pyelectasis is also referred...

Acute pyelonephritis. Chronic pyelonphritis. Renal and perinephric abscess.
Acute pyelonephritis
o A clinical diagnosis based on the presence of fever, flank pain, and tenderness, often with an elevated white count...

Acute cystitis. Chronic cystitis. Interstiatial cystitis.
Interstitial cystitis
- Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a refractory bladder disorder of unknown aetiology...

Acute prostatitis. Chronic prostatitis.
Prostatitis: epidemiology and classification
- Definition: Infection and/or inflammation of the prostate.
- Epidemiology: overall prevalence in men is 5%.
- Pathogenesis...

Clinical findings in genitourinary tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis (TB) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis...

Theories of stone formation, medical history.
Factors associated with urolithiasis...

Bladder and urethral stones.
Bladder stones
- Composition
o Struvite (i.e. they are infection stones)...

Tumors of the pelvis and ureter.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and ureter

- TCC accounts for 90% of upper urinary tract tumours...

Symptoms and diagnosis of bladder tumors.
Transitional cell carcinoma
- Primary TCC is considered clinically as superficial or muscle-invasive...

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